China s Become A Global Superpower And Its Transformation...

I once regretted that I majored in Chinese Language and Literature. Even after completing my Master s degree in China I could not see the practical use of my studies. However, now I think it has become my strength to comprehend Chinese Language and culture as a student who seeks to research on the International Studies related to China as a Ph.D. candidate. During my study in China, I witnessed China’s emergence as a global superpower and its transformation from a development aid recipient to a donor country. This particularly intrigued me more than its language and culture. The transformation was similar to my home country, Korea, but this time I was able to witness it. China’s growing foreign aid started to have a significant impact on the landscape of the global development community and became a formidable alternative to existing Official Development Assistant (ODA). A non-OECD country, has become the center of controversies with its foreign aid policies. I was intr igued with this phenomenon and encountered a question: â€Å"How do developed countries (traditional donors) and developing countries (development aid recipients) work with China to enhance positive developments and minimize frictions?† In the pursuit of solution to my question, I enrolled the second Master’s degree in Public Policy at KDI School of Public Policy and Management where I gained a great deal of academic knowledge about public policy, global governance and political economy. Also, I have built myShow MoreRelatedRise of Brics Economy and Its Impact on Global Stock Markets9547 Words   |  39 Pages2013 Rise of BRICS Economy and its Impact on Global Stock Markets Naganathan Venkatesh Research Scholar, NITTTR, Chennai, India Abstract The world is changing and becoming increasingly multipolar due to the emergence of China, India, Russia, Brazil and South Africa forming so called BRICS. 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Credit Card Debt In America Essay - 1539 Words

Credit card debt is one of this nation’s leading internal problems. When credit was first introduced, and up until around the late 1970’s, the standards for getting a credit card were very high. The bar got lowered and lowered to where, eventually, an 18 year-old college student with almost no income and nothing to base a credit score on previously could obtain a credit card (much like myself). The national credit card debt for families residing in the United States alone is in the trillions (Maxed Out). The average American family has around $9,000 in debt, and pays around $1,3000 a year on interest payments (Maxed Out). Many people have the concern today that these interest rates and fees are skyrocketing; and many do not†¦show more content†¦James Scurlock sheds light on the fact that these credit card companies are going to do anything they can to get these kids to sign up. The companies send students a lot of advertisements for credit cards in the ma il, and they will even come to college campuses and set up booths where anybody can apply for a credit card; usually using free give-a-ways as a form of bribery. According to an article by CNNmoney.com, a survey done in 2008 by the U.S. Public Interest Research Group found that 80% of students received direct mail from card companies, and 22% said they received about four phone calls a month, on average, from these companies. This extremely persistent marketing and extreme lack of financial experience and discipline leads many college students into serious debt. Students are also a large target because credit card companies know that they often hold onto their credit cards until adulthood; and this is how one builds loyalty to a company. Also, if they fall into severe debt, parents are more likely to help bail them out than parents are likely to bail their adult children out (Dickler). In a survey taken of college students, 66% said that they do own credit cards already, and more than half of that 66% say they useShow MoreRelatedCredit Card Debt in America1682 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Debt Credit card debt is one of this nation’s leading internal problems, and it has been for around the last 3-4 decades. When credit was first introduced, and up until around the late 1970’s up to today, the standards for getting a credit card were very high; so not everybody could get one. The bar got lowered and lowered to where, eventually, an 18 year-old college student with almost no income and nothing to base a credit score on previously could obtain a credit card (much likeRead MoreAmerican Credit Card Problems1587 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿American Credit Card Problems Introduction to Credit Cards History There was a time in the history of banks when people eagerly fell into the spell cast by credit and debit cards. 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The most common explanation for credit card debt for people under the age of 25. â€Å"Demographic and credit trends show that young people, and in particular students, may be the next segment of credit users that will face difficult financial times. â€Å"In the United States, there are 19.1 million students whoRead MoreThe Convenience of Credit Cards Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesCredit cards can be invaluable tools for college students. Using a credit card is more convenient than cash, and may help a young adult build credit that will be useful throughout his adult life. However, before a student applies for a credit card, he needs to know how credit works and the consequences associated with the misuse of a credit card. Credit can be very helpful, but may also be dangerous if one does not use it properly. 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Students graduate from high school, get a first job, and move out on their own without any proper training regarding financial planning and money management. These young people become parents and their children are not anymore trained than they are. This lack of financial training is ruining our country financially. People overspend due to a lackRead MoreThe Reasons For The Debt917 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans continue to be in debt vary in different ways depending on how they handle their money. Consumer debt is defined as â€Å"debt incurred by an individual primarily for personal, family, or household purpose.† There are many different types of consumer’s debt, which are credit cards, mortgages, student loans, car loans and etc. The entire economy mostly depends on credit; the promise to pay later for goods and services used today; but along with consumer credit comes consumer debt. 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Matching 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. i. b d j c k e l a f Multiple Choice 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. c d a a b d a d c c b d c d a Short Answer: 31. The adult market is saturated, and credit card companiesRead MoreStrapped, By Tamara Draut884 Words   |  4 Pagesadults have complications getting financially ahead. Along with student-loan debt, today’s college students may also leave with the burden of credit card debt. Draut argues that college campuses aren’t sufficiently regulating card companies on campus, therefore putting their students at risk for debt. Subsequently, Draut also presents her opinion on credit card debt in the excerpt, â€Å"Strapped.† She discusses how credit card debt can negatively affect the lives of many young adults, which may lead to

Negotiation and Conflict Management Research

Question: Discuss about the Negotiation and Conflict Management Research. Answer: Introduction A WIC clinic in the city of New Jersey, in the United States of America. The front end of the clinic is reasonably small with a front desk and chairs and benches situated in front of it for the people to accommodate themselves. It is often the case that the clinic waiting room is filled with visitors and it creates a claustrophobic environment. Negotiation and Conflict Management Once, Mrs. Alonso who is considerably analytical and observant walked into the clinic with her children Sergio and Rafael. Sergio was the elder of the two and was of calm and caring nature but on the contrary, his brother Rafael can be easily deemed as erratic and impatient. Both the kids were running around the clinic and shouting in a loud voice which turned out to be a cause of concern for the other visitors present in the clinic. The Alonso family conversed in Spanish between themselves (Tracy, 2013). Andrea, the receptionist of the WIC clinic, was a bit impatient and impulsive by nature and was getting frustrated with every tick of the clock with this scenario. After half an hour passed, she lost control and told another WIC employee that a person, who does not know how to control his or her kids, should not bring them outside. She yelled these things in such a loud voice that it was audible to everybody present in that small space (Eunson, 2007). She assumed that the Alonso family spoke and understood only Spanish, so she uttered the above-mentioned words in the English language. But, Mrs. Alonso understood English perfectly and as a result, this occurrence hurt her self-respect immensely. She felt terribly insulted in front of all those who were present. She immediately took both of her kids and left the clinic without even collecting her checks for the month (Wheeler, 2015). Though in this whole process, the elder son of Mrs. Alonso named Sergio was determined to stay at the clinic and stand up to Miss Andrea and do something about the insult that was inflicted on her family. Sergio was outspoken as well as challenging at the same time and he had an immense sense of self-respect as well (Beardsley and Lo, 2013). His fundamental objective was not to involve in a quarrel with Miss Andrea but to make her realize the mistake she had committed by insulting his family. But Sergio was not allowed to convey his thoughts to Miss Andrea, by his mother as she did not have enough confidence in him and she was fearful of conflict as well. From this whole scenario, a great sense of conflict arose fundamentally between two parties. On Miss Andrea's part, a major mistake was made when she publicly insulted Mrs. Alonso's family. Although it can be also noted that in that claustrophobic clinic, the kids were making a fuss, and Miss Andrea could have told Mrs. Alonso to look after them or stop them in another way rather than insulting them in public. Another major mistake in Miss Andrea's part was the fact that without in-depth knowledge about the person, she assumed that Mrs. Alonso did not understand English, as she primarily spoke Spanish (Negotiation and Conflict Management Research - Call for Papers, 2010). Her assumption was completely wrong and it was a major cause for the arousal of conflict in this case scenario. On Mrs. Alonso's part, a fundamental mistake was committed that she did not ask her children to behave themselves in a public place. She was incompetent in controlling her children and this resulted in the arousal of the conflict. She should have realized beforehand that the situation was bound to get out of control at some point in time sooner or later if she did not intervene and checked on her children from time to time. On Sergio's part, the major mistake committed was the fact that he should have taken control of his younger brother Rafael when he behaved out of bounds. Rather than controlling and monitoring is the younger brother, Sergio also opted to engage with him in his mischiefs and this can also be regarded as a possible reason for the arousal of the conflict (Hyvri, 2006). Conclusion It can be concluded from this case scenario, that a conflict can arise in practically any situation, and every involved individual has a small or major part to play in the arousal of the conflict. It can also be observed that if the individuals involved in the scenario kept their wits about the given situation at that given point of time, then the conflict could have been easily avoided. References Beardsley, K. and Lo, N. (2013). Democratic Communities and Third-Party Conflict Management.Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30(1), pp.76-93. Eunson, B. (2007).Conflict management. Milton, Australia: John Wiley Sons. Hyvri, I. (2006). Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations.International Journal of Project Management, 24(3), pp.216-225. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research - Call for Papers. (2010).Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 3(4), pp.400-401. Tracy, B. (2013).Negotiation. New York: American Management Association. Wheeler, M. (2015). Learning to Teach Negotiation.Negotiation Journal, 31(4), pp.477-490.

Africa and America free essay sample

In this essay I am going to be telling you about the slave trade on Africa and America. Before the slave trade started Africa was a one of the richest countries and it was a very friendly country with very friendly people who helped you in a lot of things. The African slaves trade started in 1619 when the Africans started trading with the Europeans with things such as Horses, gold, cloth, copper and other things like that. When the Europeans took over Africa in 1 885 the country became really poor as there were no workers and here was no as much food because the farmers were being traded as slaves. Ships were being carried into Africa then putting slaves into tight pack or loose pack where they would sit there for 3-6 months with hardly any food and they would be sitting with other people they didnt know, they would have to sit still for that amount of time and they couldnt move. We will write a custom essay sample on Africa and America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They would also have to sleep and go to the toilet there not many slaves would live. When the Europeans first began to settle in the Americans they used indentured Barbour to work farms and mines.But they were few indented servants due to the wars in Europe in the 17th and 1 8th centuries. Also they only worked for seven years before these problems and their contracts. Slaves were captured from their homes in Africa, shipped to America under extremely poor conditions, and then sold to the highest bidder, put to work, and forced to live with the new conditions of America. There was no mercy for the slaves and their families as they were captured from their homes and forced onto slave ships. Most of the Africans who were captured lived in small villages in West Africa. A typical Village takeover would occur early in the morning. An enemy tribe would raid the village, and then burn the huts to the ground. Most of the people who were taken by surprise were killed or captured; few escaped. The captured Africans were now on their way to the slave ships. Bound together two by two with heavy wooden yokes fastened around their necks, a long line of black men and women plodded down a well-worn path through the dense forest.Most of the men were burdened with huge elephants tusks. Others, and many of the women too, bore baskets or bales of food. Little boys and girls trudged along beside. Parents, eyes wide in fear and wonder. After they were marched often hundreds of miles, it was time for them to be shipped off to sea, so that they could be sold as cheap labor to help harvest the new world. But before they were shipped off, they had to pass through a slave-trading station. What Were the Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa and America?

The Odyssey and Lysistrata Lust Essay Example For Students

The Odyssey and Lysistrata Lust Essay Lust is defined as an intense longing or a sexual desire. It is a common theme in literature; particularly in classic Greek literature. The reason it is so prevalent in literature is that is prevalent in our daily lives. Everyone lusts after something or someone. It is an interesting topic to examine closely, and classic literature is an excellent medium for such an investigation. Two works I have studied, in which lust is a theme, are an epic, Homers The Odyssey, and a play, Aristophanes Lysistrata. In both The Odyssey and Lysistrata, lust is a theme that plays a major role in the course of the story, making the stories similar, but very different. We will write a custom essay on The Odyssey and Lysistrata Lust specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Odyssey is an epic that tells story of Odysseus as he returns to his home and his wife after fighting in the Trojan War. He is faced with many perils, trials, and tribulations along the way. One such trail is lust. It shows up in two instances in The Odyssey. One such instance occurs in Book X on the island of Circe, and the other notable instance occurs in Book XII on Calypsos island of Ogygia. In Book X, Odysseus and his men find themselves on the island of the sorceress, Circe. The men hear her singing and are overcome with lust for her. They say, There is some one inside working at a loom and singing most beautifully. The whole place resounds with it. Let us call her and see whether she is woman or goddess, (The Odyssey). Circe transforms Odysseuss men into swine. and when they had drunk she turned them into pigs by a stroke of her wand, and shut them up in her pigsties. They were like pigshead, hair, and all, and they grunted just as pigs do; but their senses were the same as before, and they remembered everything, (The Odyssey). It is up to Odysseus to save them. He does this with the help of the god Hermes, but is tricked into remaining on the island for a number of years without even realizing it. Circe says to him, so be it then; sheathe your sword and let us go to bed, that we may make friends and learn to trust each other, (The Odyssey). He is reluctant, but finally consents. He thinks he is only there overnight. However, he does not realize how long he is actually on the island until the time has passed. Then, it is too late. Odysseus stays on the island because of a mutual lust between him and Circe. Odysseus loves his wife, Penelope, deeply, but is overcome by his lust for Circe. The reason Circe holds Odysseus captive on her island for so long is her lust for him. She is certainly not in love with him, but she wants him. Thus, she makes the time pass very quickly so that Odysseus will stay with her. The second instance of lust occurs in Book XII when Odysseus is washed up on the island of Ogygia, after just barely surviving the perils of Scylla and Charybdis. His whole crew has perished, and he is alone. He is found by Calypsos handmaidens. At first Calypso treats Odysseus well. However, when Odysseus asks for a boat to leave the island, Calypso tells him that he may never leave the island. Calypso lusts for Odysseus so much that she holds him captive for many years. Odysseus, however, does not feel this lust for her. At this point in the epic, he wants nothing more than to reach his home and his wife, whom he loves very much. Finally, the gods tell Calypso that is time to release Odysseus, and she obeys. .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 , .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .postImageUrl , .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 , .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80:hover , .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80:visited , .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80:active { border:0!important; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80:active , .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80 .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u795efa4dc31751dafed1890aab7b5a80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cay EssayThe Odyssey is a tale of growth and development. Odysseus was, in a sense, defeated by the power of Circe. However, later in the story, as he continued to grow and change, he was able to be strong when faced with Calypso. He did not forget his goal of getting home as he had previously done. The comedy, Lysistrata, is based almost entirely around the theme of lust. The story tells of a war among the Greeks. Lysistrata, whose name means she who dissolves armies, is the wife of one of the soldiers. She, along with the other wives, is sick and tired of her husband always being away doing battle. In fact, she says to the women, Its your husbands. Fathers of your ch ildren. Doesnt it bother you that theyre always off with the Army? Ill stake my life, not one of you has a man in the house this morning, (Lysistrata). So, she comes up with a plan to end the war and have all the men return home. Her plan is to convince all the wives to withhold sex from their husbands until a treaty can be reached. She believes that the men will be so overcome with lust for their wives that they will come to an agreement and end the war. When Lysistrata first introduces her idea to the wives, she tells them, Only we women can save Greece! (Lysistrata). They are all very glad and excited to hear her plan. They claim they are willing to do anything that will bring the war to a close. However, when she tells them her plan, their tone changes. The women want their men just as much as the men want them. One womans response is, I couldnt. No. Let the war go on, (Lysistrata). Another woman says, Lysistrata, no! Id walk through fire for youyou know I would!, but dont ask u s to give up that! Why, theres nothing like it! (Lysistrata). But, eventually, Lysistrata manages to convince the women that this is the only way to end the war, and they reluctantly agree. Many of the women are weakened by their lust for their husbands. They try to make excuses in order to go home. One woman says, Ive got to get home! Ive a lot of Milesian wool, and the worms are spoiling it, (Lysistrata). Another woman goes so far as to put a helmet under her cloak and pretend she is about to have a child. However, Lysistrata responds to them by saying, You useless girls, thats enough: Lets have no more lying. Of course you want your men. But dont you imagine that they want you just as much? Ill give you my word; their nights must be pretty hard. Just stick it out! A little patience, thats all, and our battles won, (Lysistrata). And, Lysistrata is right; the men are weakening with their lust for their wives. They all echo the sentiments of this statement. Were at a standstill. Cant seem to think of anything but women, (Lysistrata). Eventually the men can no longer stand it, and they agree to make peace. Lysistrata and the women have won because of the power lust had over the men. When compared, The Odyssey and Lysistrata have one apparent similarity. That similarity is the power of lust. However, when the theme of lust in the two works is compared, one major difference can be seen. In The Odyssey, lust is conquered by Odysseus. In Lysistrata, lust is the conqueror. The Odyssey is an epic that shows Odysseus growth and development, as well as his strength to resist temptation. Lysistrata is a comedy that shows how weak men are when it comes to lust. Therefore, the two works have one basic similarity, but it is that very similarity that makes them very different. .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c , .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .postImageUrl , .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c , .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c:hover , .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c:visited , .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c:active { border:0!important; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c:active , .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u720146d7945efb0c6a69b950ffe24f2c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hsc Visual Arts: Artists Who Use Bodily Fluids EssayIn conclusion, both Homers The Odyssey and Aristophanes Lysistrata contain the theme of lust. In The Odyssey, lust is overcome, and in Lysistrata, lust overcomes. The stories are linked by the idea of lust, but they are very different. I enjoyed reading both of these works, and I found it fascinating to examine them in regards to a topic that is so prevalent in todays society. It was interesting to take a look at these two tremendously different representations of the emotion of lust. These stories represented the extremes of this emotion, and I believe that most humans fall somewhere in the middle, sometimes giving into lust, and sometimes remaining strong. And let us all hope that, Never againshall we lose our way in such madness, (Lysistrata).

Sample of Good Essay Introductions

Sample of Good Essay IntroductionsIn writing an essay, it is vital to select a sample of good essay introductions. In addition to the essay text itself, you must select a sample essay introduction that will make it easier for the reader to understand your topic and, of course, help with constructing the outline of your essay.Good essay introductions that focus on the appropriate framing of your essay are difficult to come by. Many beginners in writing a paper often start off with a 'bad' sample of good essay introductions, or a statement that will appear to contradict the content of their paper.However, the worst thing that you can do when writing an essay is to start off with a poor writing style and to try to skirt around errors or poor writing. You should begin the writing process with a guide that you can refer to and that will offer you all the tools you need to write successfully. With the tools in hand, you will be able to communicate what you want to say clearly and confident ly.The first step in writing good essay introductions is to give the readers a strong sense of urgency that will make them want to know more about the topic you are addressing. In fact, you must create a hook, or an interest point that will capture the readers' attention and encourage them to continue reading the rest of your paper.In a short paragraph or two, try to provide the audience with a few tips about how they can come up with an essay introduction that will work well for them. Finally, it is important to write a short paragraph or two that is a recap of the remainder of your paper.You should not be afraid to delve into your experiences, the people you know, and your personal anecdote. In fact, this is a great way to show your reader the empathy that is required to build a strong bond between yourself and the reader.It is also vital to write introductions that you think will make a great story. Be sure to include a review of some of the key facts about your topic that will h elp to build a compelling outline for your paper. Try to avoid using long lists of facts, unless they are essential to the content of your paper.

The Individual and Ethnicity Choice

The Individual and Ethnicity Choice Introduction Recent analysis of international affairs paints the picture that the world is embroiled in age-old ethnic conflicts. Proponents of this notion contend that people from different ethnic groups harbor deep hatred for one another, and are only restrained by modern civilizations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Individual and Ethnicity Choice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They predict that, in the future, either the modern states will break up into smaller ethnic groupings or great civilizations will rise against each other (Gurr 43). However, the general agreement is that modern regional conflicts can be attributed to cultural differences and affective ties of tribal groupings. This notion does not foresee a situation where diverse people can coexist. In fact, most ethnic conflicts do not result from ethnic diversity; rather, these conflicts are often fueled by the struggle for power and sca rce resources such as land. This implies that in talking about ethnic conflicts, the assumption that ethnic identities are age-old and unchanging may be misleading. In other words, contrary to this assumption, ethnicity or race is a creation of contemporary politics that denies some people opportunities and gives others access to resources and power (Gurr 44). Cultural or religious differences have not, by themselves, resulted in ethnic conflict. Moreover, in modern times, culturally different people have learned one another’s cultural behaviors and have even intermarried, hence blurring contrasts between ethnic groupings. Contemporary Situation of Ethnic Conflicts In modern times, there is a common notion that ethnicity is age-old and often presents itself as ethnocentricism particularly in governance. In Eastern Europe, the current conflicts portray various ethnic groups as having strong nationalistic tendencies, which can only be suppressed by an autocratic government. In contrast, in the Western world, the American ‘melting pot’ suggests ethnicities are fast disintegrating while Eastern ethnicities must be suppressed by the autocratic leadership (Gurr 118). In former Yugoslavia, the Bosnians, Croats, and Serbs are different ethnic groupings, which, historically clashed from time to time over resources. However, due to intermarriages, the differences between these currently warring communities are actually so small. The Bosnians, Croats, and Serbs all speak Italian language and have coexisted in peace for a long time. Although these ethnic groups profess different religions-Serbs being mainly Orthodox, Croats being Roman Catholic and Bosnians being predominantly Muslim-still, each ethnic group comprises of considerable numbers of each religion. This, coupled with high rates of intermarriages, has blurred the differences between these groups.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it is clear that the cause of the current Balkan wars is not fueled by ancient religious and ethnic differences, but rather by the contemporary politics, which rally individuals around nationalistic ideologies. In this regard, ‘ethnicity’ is packaged as ‘nationalism’ in the pretext of gaining access to resources, land, and power. The Serb and Croat leaders advocated for a right to self-rule in nation states. Serbs on their part wanted to expand outwards and include other ethnic groups (Horowitz 77). Croats on the other hand held a different nationalistic ideology, which promised to keep out non-Croats. In this view, different nationalistic ideologies are factors that fuelled the massacre of Serbs during the Second World War and in the 1990s. The Effect of Colonialism The origin of ethnic conflict in Eastern Europe is different from that of Africa. African violence is not fueled by conf licting ideologies, but rather by ancient warfare between tribes that was propagated by the colonial powers (Horowitz 51). Ethnic conflict in Africa can be defined by four factors, namely; membership ties in a group, prejudice towards non-members, fear, and expectations about resource allocation. Ethnicities produce affection for in-group members, where the members prefer their â€Å"own† and exclude or discriminate against non-members (Gurr 87). Often, discrimination arises because of these strong in-group ties and loyalty. Usually, people have a positive social relationship with in-group members. A close relationship exists between the positive feelings between co-ethnics and the prejudice or fear for ethnic strangers. According to Horowitz, â€Å"contemporary politics breed fear and prejudice, which ultimately determine political behavior,† (91). In contemporary politics, politicians often use fear and prejudice against ‘out groups’ when seeking support from members of their race or tribe. In the United States, whites predominantly hold a social aversion to participation of blacks in mainstream politics. This stems from learned racist practices in the south. Past voting trends in the US, white voting behavior reflect an aversion towards blacks. In the African case, ethnic conflict, in the political perspective, is a product of the struggle over power and resources. True, in earlier decades, Africans identified themselves with their ethnic identity, or lineage. However, as people migrate to far places seeking for employment and trade opportunities; ethnic or racial identity has become less important (American Anthropological Association Par. 8).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Individual and Ethnicity Choice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Now, the conflict is rarely caused by ethnic differences but a struggle for scarce resources such as land, water and pastoral land. The colonial system determined that each person belonged to a particular ethnic identity within the colony. This meant that each had to belong or show loyalty to a particular African group. This was not restricted to Africa: in India, the British Empire promoted the Hindu nationalism where people identified themselves as either Hindu or Sikh. This later transformed to distinct ‘ethnic groups’ after independence. Other cases include the Maronites in Lebanon, Moluccans in Dutch and Karens in Burma where colonial states created groupings, which they christened as either ethnic or religious groups. Nevertheless, in modern times, the need for political autonomy, resources, jobs, and better livelihoods has become the new frontier for ethnic conflicts. Thus, age-old tribal loyalties have become less significant as people strive to attain better socioeconomic status. Ethnic Diversity and Conflict It is often assumed that ethnic diversity is the cause of ethni c conflict and political instability. To the contrary, ethnic diversity has less to do with tribal or racial conflicts. In ethnically diverse countries such as Indonesia and Pakistan, less inter-ethnic conflicts have been experienced compared to countries such as Somalia, Yugoslavia, and Rwanda that are relatively less ethnically diverse (Glenny 78). This indicates that ethnic diversity does not breed ethnic conflicts, but rather relationships of people relative to power that cause local conflicts. A good example is Indonesia. Indonesia is known for its suppression of political activism in East Timor (Glenny 85). This cannot be classified as an ethnic conflict, as the country has over three hundred ethnic groupings with distinct language and religion. In fact, the recent ethnic conflict has much to do with the struggle for control of local resources, specifically oil and gas resources. Ethnic diversity can sometimes affect national integration in most nation states. However, some co untries often succeed in fostering national integration while others fail. It all depends on the social cohesion policies implemented. In countries such as Rwanda and Burundi, where one ethnic group has been dominating over the others, avoiding ethnic conflicts requires concerted efforts to enhance national healing and reconciliation (Horowitz 86). Often systems where one or two major groups polarize regional politics are less stable compared to systems where smaller groups have an equal chance to participate in national politics.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An example is Malaysia where politicians established an all-inclusive political coalition that strengthened ties between diverse ethnic groupings, i.e. the Chinese communities and Malay people. In contrast, in Sri Lanka, the Sinhalese people formed a government, which, however, split into two ethnic factions, Tamils and Sinhalese, resulted in ethnic conflict. Political systems can also be modified to accommodate diverse ethnic groups and prevent ethnic tensions. In Nigeria, for instance, after the Biafra war in 1965 a new political system that curved the country into 19 states comprising of the major ethnic groups, Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba, was implemented (Horowitz 119). The states comprised of multiethnic coalitions, which helped to foster cohesion and avoid ethnic tensions. However, competing political interests resulted to excessive fragmentations, and subsequently the recurrence of ethnic tensions. It is apparent that negative stereotypes, prejudice, and fear of members of other groups are effects of contemporary political choices made by leaders. Conclusion Contemporary ethnic conflicts are not based on ancient cultural or religious differences. In fact, studies have established that ethnic diversity does not necessarily lead to ethnic conflict. The competition for resources causes ethnic tension and violence. In addition, political choices made by the leaders often cause intergroup tensions. Hence, leaders who develop perverse nationalistic ideologies cultivate hatred, which eventually breeds ethnic violence. American Anthropological Association (AAA). â€Å"Statement on ‘Race’†. 17 May 1998. Web.9 Mar. 2013. https://www.americananthro.org/ConnectWithAAA/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2583 Glenny, Misha. The Fall of Yugoslavia. New York: Penguin, 1992. Print. Gurr, Ted. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1994. Print. Horowitz, Donald. Ethnic Groups in conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Print.